Moreover, timely consultation with ophthalmologists is needed to find a very specific finding, retinal hemorrhage.Ībusive head trauma (AHT) is a term referring to inflicted head and/or spine injury by perpetuator(s). For a more confirmative evaluation, neuroradiological imaging is required to find AHT-specific findings. Even the combination of biochemical markers may be useful to predict AHT. Previously developed clinical prediction rules can be helpful for decision-making regarding starting an investigation when considering meaningful findings. Such suspicion can be initiated with careful and thorough history taking and physical examinations. To recognize this severe type of child abuse early, all health care providers maintain a high index of suspicion and vigilance. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant evidence concerning the early recognition and diagnosis of AHT. Therefore, appropriate vigilance for the early recognition and diagnosis of AHT is highly recommended to stop and prevent further injuries. Many studies have reported that the adverse effects of AHT are various and serious, such as blindness, mental retardation, physical limitation of daily activities and even psychological problems. The potential harm of AHT to the developing brain and spinal cord of the victims is tremendous. The consequences of AHT cause devastating medical, social and financial burdens on families, communities, and victims. Currently, it is recommended to replace the former term, shaken baby syndrome, which implicates shaking as the only mechanism, with AHT to include diverse clinical and radiological manifestations. The term AHT was introduced to include a wider range of injury mechanisms, such as intentional direct blow, throw, and even penetrating trauma by perpetuator(s). Such injury involves traumatic damage to the head and/or spine of infants and young children. Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most severe form of physical abuse in children.
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